What condition arises from a deficiency of insulin?

A deficiency of insulin leads to Type 1 diabetes mellitus, a condition characterized by the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. In this condition, the body produces little to no insulin, which is crucial for the uptake of glucose by cells. As a result, glucose accumulates in the bloodstream, leading to hyperglycemia, and the body is unable to effectively use glucose for energy. This deficiency is a hallmark of Type 1 diabetes and contributes to the symptoms and complications associated with the disease.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus, on the other hand, is primarily associated with insulin resistance and often has a later onset compared to Type 1 diabetes. While people with Type 2 diabetes may eventually experience insulin deficiency, it is not the defining feature of the condition at its onset. Hypoglycemia refers to abnormally low blood glucose levels, typically caused by an excess of insulin or inadequate food intake and is not directly related to an insulin deficiency. Hyperthyroidism is an unrelated endocrine condition affecting thyroid hormone levels and does not pertain to insulin deficiency. Thus, the association of Type 1 diabetes mellitus with insulin deficiency makes it the correct answer.