Which hormones are known to regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats?

Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, play a critical role in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. These hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex and are primarily involved in the body's response to stress. One of their main functions is to increase blood glucose levels through gluconeogenesis, a process where the liver generates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as proteins and fats.

Additionally, glucocorticoids can stimulate protein catabolism, leading to the breakdown of muscle tissue to release amino acids that can also be used for gluconeogenesis. They also promote lipolysis, the breakdown of fat stores to provide energy when needed, further illustrating their pivotal role in maintaining energy homeostasis.

In summary, glucocorticoids like cortisol are essential for ensuring that energy substrates are available and properly mobilized during times of stress or when the body requires additional energy, making them key regulators of metabolism across all three macronutrient categories: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.